History of Building Construction
Building construction is an ancient human activity. It developed with the wholly functional desire for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one way by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to the large variety of weather conditions and become a global species.
Human shelters were in the beginning very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even semi-permanent structures developed into such highly refined forms as the igloo. Gradually more stable structures began to arise, particularly after the advent of agriculture, when people began to remain in one place for long periods. The early dwellings, but eventually other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed in separate structures. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the start of the characteristics between architecture and building.
The history of building is recognised by several trends. One is the developing durability of the materials used. Early building materials were flimsy, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides. Later, more durable natural materials—such as clay, stone, and timber—and, finally, modern materials—such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastics—are used. Another is the desire for structures of ever greater height and span; this was made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge of how materials act and how to exploit them to greater advantage. Another major trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, odours, air speed, and other factors which affect our comfort has been made possible. Yet another trend is the change in energy available to the building process, starting with human muscle power and developing into the powerful machinery used today.
The present state of building construction is complex. There is a large range of structural products and systems which are aimed primarily at classes of building types or markets. The design process for buildings is highly organised and calls upon research establishments that study material properties and performance, code officials who adopt and enforce safety standards, and design professionals who determine user requirements and design buildings to meet those needs. The construction process is also well organised; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the craftsmen who assemble them on the construction site, the contractors who hire and coordinate the work of the builders, and consultants who have expertise in such aspects as building management, quality control, and insurance.
Building construction today is an important part of modern culture, a manifestation of its range and complexity and a measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to serve the diverse needs of people. This article first shows the history of building construction, then looks at its development at the present time.
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